Geofencing, Google Data, and the Fourth Amendment

In this episode of Unwritten Law, NCLA Senior Litigation Counsel John Vecchione is joined by NCLA Staff Attorney Andreia Trifoi to discuss a major Fourth Amendment case before the U.S. Supreme Court involving the use of geofence warrants.

Geofence warrants allow law enforcement to obtain location data from companies like Google identifying every device within a specific area during a defined period of time—potentially sweeping in dozens or even hundreds of people with no connection to any crime. Andreia explains how these warrants work, why they often capture innocent bystanders, and how they were used in a bank robbery investigation in Virginia.

The conversation focuses on the constitutional question at the heart of the case: whether geofence warrants are modern-day general warrants, the very abuse that helped inspire the Fourth Amendment. The discussion also explores how the Supreme Court’s decision in Carpenter v. United States applies to modern location tracking, the challenges courts face when adapting older doctrines to new technology, and the growing tension between privacy rights and expansive digital surveillance.

John and Andreia also examine the fractured opinions in the Fourth Circuit, the role of the good-faith exception, and why this case could shape the future of Fourth Amendment protections in the digital age.